Economics of the Late Victorian Era Essay - 2165 Words

Economics of the Late Victorian Era With the power of wealth and concentration of industry, the tremendous development in machinery, and power to drive machinery; with the improvement of the tools of labor, so that they are wonderfully tremendous machines, and with these all on the one hand; with labor, the workers, performing a given part of the whole product, probably an infinitesimal part, doing the thing a thousand or thousands of times over and over again in a day-labor divided and subdivided and specialized, so that a working man is but a mere cog in the great industrial modern plant; his individuality lost, alienated from the tools of labor; with concentration of wealth, concentration of industry, I wonder whether any of us can†¦show more content†¦The cabinet members in the government were mostly noblemen. The middle class had very little influence on politics and government (Boardman 38). In the early nineteenth century people where using labels like working classes and middle classes. This designation was to separate people who had achieved success in commerce, industry, and other professions. They were considered the upper class. The upper class had a great control over the political system. This was not good for the working class and middle class because it left them no say in the government. However, some of the more powerful middle class men pushed for the Reform Act of 1832 and the deletion of the Corn Laws of 1846 (Wohl 1). The high Victorian era ended toward the end of the 1860s-1870s. The year that started the late Victorian era was 1867 when the Second Reform Bill was doubled. In this year the town workers were starting to have some say in town government. Now what had been unraveling for decades was taking affect. The middle class had already achieved power in government and now it was the workers turn. The upper class was bitter over the success that the workers were gaining, but they had no other choice than to accept what was happening (Boardman 38). Increased industrialization was becoming a concern of the workers. They started strikes protesting the addition of machines because their jobs were being compromised. The only that workers were heard wasShow MoreRelatedEssay about In Technologies of Monstrosity1430 Words   |  6 Pages Dracula: The Metaphor for Late Victorian-Crisis Jarae Comstock Reinhardt University This paper was prepared for IDS 306 for Dr. Little Dracula: The Metaphor for Late Victorian-Crisis Bram Stokers, Dracula, from the late-Victorian era, is one of the best stories of vampire folklore. Dracula was tall, dark, handsome, and mysterious with immense sexual character. His snow white teeth which outlined his rosy red lips made us fantasize of him and ultimately become obsessed. The overwhelmingRead MoreGothic Novel Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesof the similarity that was found in both cases such as darkness and gloominess. Mid of 18th century is considered to be the origin of gothic fiction in writing Horace Walpole as a genre in novel named as â€Å"The Castle of Oranto† published in 1764. In late 18th and 19th century England the gothic literature became famous because of development of science, religion and industry. Gothic fiction implemented by Horace Walpole followed by it was further developed by Clara Reeve, William Thomas, Ann RadcliffeRead MoreThe Era Of The Victorian Era1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe Victorian Era is a period prominent in harboring pea ce, prosperity as well as introducing the later shifts in industrial and political reforms. Queen Victoria a notable person of the era, began her reign in 1837 and influenced England by the values she encouraged. The Victorian Era is divided into four categories: â€Å"The Early Period is known as â€Å"A time of Troubles†, The Mid-Victorian Period, The Late Period and The Nineties.†(Stephen Greenblatt). The Nineties is thoroughly separated among theRead MoreVictorian Family Analysis1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victorian family of the 1800s is discussed in chapter two titled â€Å"The Historical Origins of the American Pattern, 1650-1900† of The Marriage-Go-Round, written by Andrew Cherlin. This chapter analyzes the history of families in the United States, starting with the colonial family from the 1600s to the 1700s, and the Victorian family of the 1800s. The increase of the wage labor economy, new policies of monogamous relationships and birth control, and small ideological change which allowed womenRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde1515 Words   |  7 Pageslarge factories, rather than by hand. These type of changes were not the only ones happening during this time, as the Industrial Revolution also sparked many economic, political, and cultural changes. Through the Revolution, the Victorian Era emerged--a time focused on family values, religious beliefs, and gender roles. During the Victorian Era, writers and poets questioned the unrealistic ideology that was set by pretensive human beliefs. The writers were criticizing the far-fetched expectations thatRead MoreSummary Of Gods Grandeur845 Words   |  4 PagesConflict among contexts of the Victorian era, Catholicism and Gerard Manley Hopkins, has shaped Hopkins’ distinctive poetic exploration of religious faith in his poems. However, paradoxically he also challenges the role religion has played in making Victorians repress their natural desires, which compels them to doubt God’s ability. These are clearly evidenced in two of his famous Petrarchan sonnets, the nature poem, ‘God’s Grandeur’ (1877), and the ‘terrible sonnet’, ‘Carrion Comfort’ (1885-1887)Read MoreThe Rich And The Poor1400 Words   |  6 Pagespoor.† Benjamin Disraeli, a former prime minister of Great Britain during the Victorian Era, published these words in the novel â€Å"Sybil, or The Two Nations† as the central definition of the island nation during the Victorian Age. This description having prevailed during the era does little to address the multifaceted social structures encountered during this time. This essay will examine that while the labeling of the Victorian rich and poor as â€Å"Two Nations† is too vague, it is often ambiguous as wellRead MoreEntertainment in the Victorian Era1271 Words   |  6 PagesWhat did people in Victorian England do in their free time? â€Å"The evolv ing of man does not drive change -- it enables change.† (Unknown) Today, people surf the web, play video games, listen to their iPods, and watch TV (among other things). But back in the late 1700s/early 1800s, they did not have TVs, iPods, video games, or computers. With the resources available then, they would play sports, pick up a book to read, or have play time. One thing that has carried through the centuries is athleticsRead MoreThe Civil War And Reconstruction Period Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesother American citizens and allowed for many social reforms to take place during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries due to the efforts of African American women. The period from the 1860s to the turn of the twentieth century, or the Reconstruction period, marked a transitional era of mixing a new socioeconomic and political infrastructure into the United States. Reconstruction was a comprehensive era that united the once disregarded demographic groups of African Americans into mainstreamRead MoreThe Difference Of Interpretation On Coal Industry865 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneration. In other words, great era could bring the honor of history for people. Especially for the industrial past, it is easier to motivate the nostalgic impulse. In Britain, coal resource not only influenced the development of industry and technology, but also improved people’s daily life and their working life in the past. According to research the history of Britain, there are three vital periods about coal industry including industrial revolution in Britain, Victorian Britain and de-industrialization

Effective Teaching And Evaluation Of Teaching - 1033 Words

Effective Teaching and Evaluation Effective teaching requires a number of efforts combined together to reach a student. The success of the student’s learning must be evaluated and graded. â€Å"Teaching involves two potentially conflicting perspectives related to academic freedom. Teachers exercise individual academic freedom and responsibility to develop and deliver course on the basis of their professional expertise, but also teach in the context of a curriculum offered by the academic department (Landrum 9). A teacher who knows their subject matter and can assess and provide feedback to the student also provides that student with a fun and successful way to learning. The government has been meddling in the Education of†¦show more content†¦The skill required to becoming creative adults are not being taught. Alfie Kohn has taken a strong stand against grading. In his article â€Å"From Degrading to De-Grading†, Kohn discusses three main effects of gra ding. Kohn writes that once a grade is attached to an assignment the perception of the student goes from learning/fun to grading/chore. He also feels that the more pressure to get an A, the less inclination for the student to accept challenges and the greater incentive to choose the easier assignment. Finally he believes that â€Å"the knowledge that a grade is attached to a learning assignment the quality of the student’s thinking was degraded† (Kohn 238,239). Although I agree with Kohn’s philosophy that there is a difference between â€Å"how motivated students are; to how students are motivated† (Kohn 241). A method for measuring how well the student is learning the subject is necessary. A student might love working with electronics, but the reality is the student may not be good enough to follow that career path. Parents today use grading as a means to gage and access the child’s progress. Laura Owen wrote an article for teachingmonster.com that wrote, â€Å"According to leaders in the field, the true purpose of assessment is to evaluate a student’s level of understanding, and should be used to provide appropriate feedback and guidance in planning future instruction† (Owen 1). Good or bad, needed or not needed, grades play a role. Robert MarzanoShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of A More Effective Type Of Teacher Evaluation System1068 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain the need for a more effective type of teacher evaluation system. She wants to describe what are the weaknesses in the checklist type of teacher evaluations that has been used as the norm in the past. Danielson wants to describe a more effective form of teacher evaluation that will be useful for the administrator and also the teacher. This is very critical in decision making for schools because this is a way for them to credibly show that they have highly effective teacher to the school boardRead MoreThe Importance Of A More Effective Type Of Teacher Evaluation System1058 Words   |  5 Pagesthe need for a more effective type of teacher evaluation system. She wants to describe the weaknesses of the checklist type of teacher evaluations that has been used as the norm in the past. Danielson describes a more effective form of teacher evaluation that will be useful for the administrator and also the teacher. Teacher evaluations are very critical in decision making for schools because this is a way for them to credibly show the school board that they have highly effective teachers and at theRead MoreThe Importance Of Teacher Quality And Promote Learning1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of teacher evaluations is to ensure teacher quality and to promote learnin g. The Framework for Teaching, by Charlotte Danielson, has effectively identified 4 domains reflecting the responsibilities of teachers. The domains of teacher responsibility outlined in this evaluation tool are: Planning and Preparation, The Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities. Within each of the 4 domains, there are descriptive elements exemplifying the characteristics of theRead MorePlan for Evaluating and Improving Formative and Summative Teacher Evaluation 1393 Words   |  6 Pagesfor teacher evaluation requires identification and understanding of the key issues involved in these evaluations. Evaluations meet state mandates, teacher development, identification of ineffective teachers, and promotions. Many states mandate the career teachers are required to be evaluated once per year. This evaluation generally is in the form of a summative evaluation. A summative evaluation is not the recommended evaluation to improve teacher performance. F ormative evaluations are the preferredRead MoreShould K 12 Student Surveys Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pages Should K-12 student surveys of their teachers be used to determine whether they get a boost in salary or be judged effective or ineffective? Based on surveys given to students about their teachers over the past decade, student judgments about their teachers are highly correlated with test scores. These questions measure classroom control and the degree to which teachers challenge students to work harder with academic content and skills. The New Teacher Project, a national nonprofit based in BrooklynRead MoreEvaluating The Learning Environment For Nursing Education Curriculum And Professional Development809 Words   |  4 Pagesstudent with the opportunity to participate in the teaching/evaluation of nurses at various educational levels in the hospital setting. This focused practicum involves course preparation, actual classroom teaching, evaluation methods (testing, conferencing), and participation in meetings. This practicum will provide this student with a variety of teaching stra tegies, knowledge, skills, and evaluative approaches designed to promote a productive and effective learning environment within the hospital settingRead MoreEthics And Moral Standards On Student Behavior1545 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Due to the enormous capacity of professionals, many supervisors and managers intend to set clear standards for every educator. Therefore, teachers embody the strict guidelines to accept the recognition of an exceptional educator. Teaching symbolizes effort, care, and knowledge, characteristics that exemplify a small portion of every educator. Along with great accomplishments, responsibility and ethics impact an educator’s action. As a result, ethics and moral standards influence futureRead MoreUsing Teacher Evaluation Tools For Teaching And Learning Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove teaching and learning. Nevertheless, feedback that classifies the observed practices incorrectly is likely to involve a considerable opportunity cost for teachers as well as students (Iqbal, 2013). Notably, in 2009, a report by the name The Widget Effect was released by The New Teacher Project (TNTP). The report exposed the prevailing teacher evaluations as both infrequent and largely subjective (Jerald, 2012). Similarly, the attention towards the effectiveness of teacher evaluation is fairlyRead MoreAssessment And Evaluation Strategies For Nurses Educators Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesAssessment and Evaluation Strategies for Nurse Educators Introduction Kizlik (2014) describes assessment and evaluation as fundamental elements of the knowledge base of professional teachers. Kizlik (2014) also recommends that the implementation of both assessment and evaluation be a principal component of the curricula at colleges and universities. Therefore, understanding the differences between assessment and evaluation is vital in effective teaching for professional teachers and students. AlthoughRead MoreProfessional Development Of An Effective Teacher1432 Words   |  6 Pagesare many factors involved in the professional development of an effective teacher. Drawing on relevant literature, identify and explain four key aspects that are important for teacher development. Thinking about your own professional development, select your personal priority from these four aspects and provide justification for your choice. As an aspiring teacher I feel that it is extremely important to recognise that good teaching methods have a significant positive impact of how students lean

Foriegn Direct Investment Free Essays

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is any form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor. Foreign direct investment is that investment, which is made to serve the business interests of the investor in a company, which is in a different nation distinct from the investor’s country of origin Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment One of the advantages of foreign direct investment is that it helps in the economic development of the particular country where the investment is being made. This is especially applicable for the economically developing countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Foriegn Direct Investment or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the decade of the 90s foreign direct investment was one of the major external sources of financing for most of the countries that were growing from an economic perspective. It has also been observed that foreign direct investment has helped several countries when they have faced economic hardships. Foreign direct investment also permits the transfer of technologies. This is done basically in the way of provision of capital inputs. The importance of this factor lies in the fact that this transfer of technologies cannot be accomplished by way of trading of goods and services as well as investment of financial resources. It also assists in the promotion of the competition within the local input market of a country. The countries that get foreign direct investment from another country can also develop the human capital resources by getting their employees to receive training on the operations of a particular business. The profits that are generated by the foreign direct investments that are made in that country can be used for the purpose of making contributions to the revenues of corporate taxes of the recipient country. Foreign direct investment helps in the creation of new jobs in a particular country. It also helps in increasing the salaries of the workers. This enables them to get access to a better lifestyle and more facilities in life. It has normally been observed that foreign direct investment allows for the development of the manufacturing sector of the recipient country. Foreign direct investment can also bring in advanced technology and skill set in a country. There is also some scope for new research activities being undertaken. Foreign direct investment assists in increasing the income that is generated through revenues realized through taxation. It also plays a crucial role in the context of rise in the productivity of the host countries. In case of countries that make foreign direct investment in other countries this process has positive impact as well. In case of these countries, their companies get an opportunity to explore newer markets and thereby generate more income and profits. It also opens up the export window that allows these countries the opportunity to cash in on their superior technological resources. It has also been observed that as a result of receiving foreign direct investment from other countries, it has been possible for the recipient countries to keep their rates of interest at a lower level. It becomes easier for the business entities to borrow finance at lesser rates of interest. The biggest beneficiaries of these facilities are the small and medium-sized business enterprises. How to cite Foriegn Direct Investment, Papers

Animal Farm Animalism Vs Marxism Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Animalism Vs Marxism Essay Animal Farm Animalism vs MarxismCharacters, items, and events found in George Orwells book, Animal Farm, can be compared to similar characters, items, and events found in Marxism and the 1917 Russian Revolution. This comparison will be shown by using the symbolism that is in the book with similarities found in the Russian Revolution. Old Major was a prized-boar that belonged to Farmer Jones. The fact that Old Major is himself a boar was to signify that radical change and revolution are, themselves, boring in the eyes of the proletariat (represented by the other barnyard animals), who are more prone to worrying about work and survival in their everyday life. Old Major gave many speeches to the farm animals about hope and the future. He is the main animal who got the rebellion started even though he died before it actually began. Old Majors role compares to Lenin and Marx whose ideas were to lead to the communist revolution. Animal Farm is a criticism of Karl Marx, as well as a novel perpetuating his convictions of democratic Socialism. (Zwerdling, 20). Lenin became leader and teacher of the working class in Russia, and their determination to struggle against capitalism. Like Old Major, Lenin and Marx wrote essays and gave speeches to the working class poor. The working class in Russia, as compared with the barnyard animals in Animal Farm, were a laboring class of people that received low wages for their work. Like the animals in the farm yard, the people is Russia thought there would be no oppression in a new society because the working class people (or animals) would own all the riches and hold all the power. (Golubeva and Gellerstein 168). Another character represented in the book is Farmer Jones. He represents the symbol of the Czar Nicholas in Russia who treated his people like Farmer Jones treated his animals. The animal rebellion on the farm was started because Farmer Jones was a drunk who never took care of the animals and who came home one night, left the gate open and the animals rebelled. Czar Nicholas was a very weak man who treated his people similar to how Farmer Jones treated his animals. The Czar made his working class people very mad with the way he wielded his authority and preached all the time, and the people suffered and finally demanded reform by rebelling. The Czar said The law will henceforward be respected and obeyed not only by the nation but also the authority that rules it and that the law would stand above the changing views of the individual instruments of the supreme power. (Pares 420). The animal Napoleon can be compared as a character representing Stalin in Russia. Both were very mean looking, didnt talk very much but always got what they wanted through force. In one part of the book Napoleon charged the dogs on Snowball, another animal. Stalin became the Soviet Leader after the death of Lenin. He was underestimated by his opponents who always became his victims, and he had one of the most ruthless, regimes in history. In was not till very many years later that the world found out about the many deaths that Stalin created in Russia during the Revolution. For almost 50 years the world thought that the Nazis had done the killing in Russia, when in fact it was Stalin. (Imse 2). The last characters that are symbolic of each other are the animal Snowball with the Russian leader Trotsky. Snowball was very enthusiastic and was a leader who organized the defense of the farm. He gave speeches and instructions but was not very beneficial. All the other animals liked him, but he was outsmarted by Napoleon. Trotsky and Stalins relationship was very much like Snowballs and Napoleons. Trotsky organized the Red Army and gave speeches and everyone in Russia thought he would win power over Stalin. After Lenins death Trotsky lost all his power to Stalin and was expelled from the communist party. He was at one time considered the second most powerful man in Russia. (Trotsky Comptons 290). .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e , .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .postImageUrl , .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e , .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:hover , .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:visited , .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:active { border:0!important; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:active , .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u925bde5315415fd7331368b2d6a9be5e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay Long Sentencing And Mass IncarcerationBesides characters there are many items that can be compared as symbols in the book and

Abnormal DNA Methylation in the Human Genome essays

Abnormal DNA Methylation in the Human Genome essays The methylation of DNA serves as one of the most crucial epigenetic modifications of modern day genetics. Methylation and demethylation of DNA have profound effects on cellular differentiation and processes such as transcription, gene expression, chromatin structure, and suppression of invasive and unwanted genes. Many enzymes work coherently to regulate methylation activity, one of the main being DNA methyltransferase. Any disruptions in the methyltransferase pathway can lead to the modification of regular DNA methylation. The modification of these processes can lead to fatal diseases and various types of cancer. The two patterns in which atypical DNA methylation fall are hypermethylation and hypomethylation. Relevantly, the cancer genome is quite regularly marked by the hypermethylation of specific genes simultaneous to the decrease in 5-methyl cytosine levels (hypomethylation). Hypermethylation refers to the over methylation of some genes which results in the repression of transcription. Hypomethylation is a decrease in the methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues in DNA. The decrease in methylation causes the reduction of imprinting and the instability of chromosomal structure. Both patterns of abnormalities of DNA methylation can result in irregulation of gene transcription, which can ultimately lead to the development cancer; however, due to its characteristic of being reversible, modulation of methylation and methyltransferase is an ideal theraputic and epigenetic target for the various cancers that originate from it. DNA methylation was first discovered in 1948, and ever since, has generated a substantial amount of controversy as a result of trying to decipher its significance. The methylation of DNA is a covalent modification which results in the addition of a methyl group to 'the 5th carbon of the cytosine ring. Most of the methylation occurs in the CpG dinucelotide; however, since there can be up to 1...

How Can an English Literature Course Help Me to Write a Worthy Paper

How Can an English Literature Course Help Me to Write a Worthy Paper How Can an English Literature Course Help Me to Write a Worthy Paper? WhÃ'â€"lÐ µ wrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ng Ã' Ã ¾mÐ µÃ'• nÐ °turÐ °llÃ'Æ' to some Ã'€Ð µÃ ¾Ã'€lÐ µ, others have tÐ ¾ mÐ °kÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾nÃ'•Ã' Ã'â€"Ð ¾uÃ'• Ð °nd concentrated Ð µffÐ ¾rts to craft a worthy paper. It doesn’t concern Ð ¾nlÃ'Æ' thÐ µ wÐ ¾rdÃ'•, but Ð °lÃ'•Ð ¾ the fÐ ¾rmÐ °ttÃ'â€"ng, spelling Ð °nd grÐ °mmÐ °tÃ'â€"Ã' Ã °l Ð µrrÐ ¾rÃ'• thÐ °t Ð ¾ftÐ µn overfill the students Ð µÃ'•Ã'•Ð °Ã'Æ'. There is a numbÐ µr of rÐ µÃ °Ã'•Ð ¾nÃ'• fÐ ¾r thÃ'â€"Ã'•, hÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr they Ã' Ã °n be Ã' Ã ¾rrÐ µÃ' tÐ µd effortlessly wÃ'â€"thin a short period Ð ¾f time. In the case of containing a lot of mistakes, the Ð µÃ'•Ã'•Ð °Ã'Æ' could nÐ ¾t receive a good mark. It Ã'â€"Ã'• important tÐ ¾ make Ã'•urÐ µ that Ð °nÃ'Æ'thÃ'â€"ng frÐ ¾m a paper title to a full blown rÐ µÃ'•Ð µÃ °rÃ' h Ã'€Ð °Ã'€Ð µr Ã'â€"Ã'• Ã' Ã ¾rrÐ µÃ' t and rÐ µÃ °dÃ'• wÐ µll. English Literature Helps Students who have taken a course in English literature face these issues less or do not suffer from these problems at all. Why? Because they have been exposed to so many literary works that you can be assured, they can tell you even more on how to write a perfect paper. The Power of Reading Now taking an English Literature course provides you with a number of benefits. It is known that people, who read a lot, train their memory so that they can keep everything in mind. Moreover, their vocabulary is much more spread than a common student’s one is. They may even do not now all the rules on how to write properly, but they do this automatically. Such a course certainly helps them write more creatively and be more aware of the common errors and how to avoid them. Once you have read many books written by great writers, on different styles and on different issues, your mind is more open to new ideas, how to describe emotions, how to use the right word at the right time. What is most important, it teaches you how to be a lot more engaging with what you are writing about. Logical sequences and well-constructed sentences help to maintain the interest of the reader. As a result, your chances of submitting a worthy paper are far greater. Here are some common errors that can occur in the submitted term papers: Spelling Using spell check is not 100% reliable. Sometimes the context of the sentence can confuse the logic of a computer program. Be aware. Improper Person AlmÐ ¾Ã'•t every Ã'•tudÐ µnt hÐ °Ã'• a problem wÃ'â€"th writing Ã'â€"n the wrÐ ¾ng Ã'€Ð µrÃ'•Ã'€Ð µÃ' tÃ'â€"vÐ µÃ'• at Ã'•Ð ¾mÐ µ Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'â€"nt or another. It Ã'â€"Ã'• a Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n Ã'€rÐ ¾blÐ µm, and Ã' Ã °n bÐ µ addressed with a lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ bit of undÐ µrÃ'•tÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ two most Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n Ã'€Ð µrÃ'•Ã'€Ð µÃ' tÃ'â€"vÐ µÃ'• for wrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ng are thÐ µ first Ð °nd third Ã'€Ð µrÃ'•Ð ¾n. Fragments and Run-On Sentences Students commonly fÃ'â€"nd themselves Ð µÃ'â€"thÐ µr wÃ'â€"th a lÐ ¾ng wÃ'â€"ndÐ µd Ã'•Ð µntÐ µnÃ' Ã µ Ð ¾r ones thÐ °t are nÐ ¾t Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€lÐ µtÐ µ ideas. ThÃ'â€"Ã'• Ã'â€"Ã'• a vÐ µrÃ'Æ' Ã' Ã ¾mmÐ ¾n Ã'€rÐ ¾blÐ µm Ð °mÐ ¾ng professional wrÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'•. GÐ µnÐ µrÐ °llÃ'Æ', individuals would Ð µÃ'â€"thÐ µr have trÐ ¾ublÐ µs wÃ'â€"th Ð ¾nÐ µ or the Ð ¾thÐ µr, but Ã'â€"n Ã'•Ð ¾mÐ µ cases bÐ ¾th Ã'â€"Ã'•Ã'•uÐ µÃ'• Ð °rÐ µ a problem. Not Proofreading PrÐ ¾Ã ¾frÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"Ã'• nÐ ¾t Ð °ll that fun Ð °nd no Ð ¾nÐ µ lÃ'â€"kÐ µÃ'• doing Ã'â€"t, but Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"Ã'• really important for a wÐ µll wrÃ'â€"ttÐ µn paper. AÃ'• wÐ µ Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'â€"ntÐ µd out earlier, Ã'•Ã'€Ð µll check does nÐ ¾t Ã' Ã °tÃ' h Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' tÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ð µ Ð ¾f Ð µrrÐ ¾r that Ã' Ã °n bÐ µ fÐ ¾und in typical wrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ng. It takes only a fÐ µw mÃ'â€"nutÐ µÃ'• to rÐ µÃ °d Ð ¾vÐ µr to make sure thÐ °t thÐ µÃ'Æ' Ð °rÐ µ complete thÐ ¾ughtÃ'•, have thÐ µ Ã' Ã ¾rrÐ µÃ' t wÐ ¾rdÃ'• and mÐ °kÐ µ Ã'•Ð µnÃ'•Ð µ.

Learning styles - the Theory of Multiple Intelligences Research Paper

Learning styles - the Theory of Multiple Intelligences - Research Paper Example In the modern education setting, students are aware of what they are expected to learn in a particular unit of study. Learning styles also determine the learning assessment system used in measuring whether a student has learnt what is expected of him or her after a certain period. Based on the learning styles, assessment of students involves comparing a student’s performance with set standards and communication of results and learning outcomes to the parents and students. There exists numerous learning styles that encompass various approaches of explaining how students learn (Reza and Reza, 2010). In order to understand learning styles, this paper will Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences as a learning style. Howard Gardner originally developed the theory of multiple intelligences in the year 1983. Gardner viewed intelligence as the ability and capacity in solving problems and fashioning products that are valued in cultural setting(s). He believed that there was n eed for paradigm shift in learning (Gardner and Seana, 2006). According to him, intelligence of a human being should not be equated with linguistic intelligence or logical-mathematical only. Gardner’s theory emerged from recent studies and research that have found out that students possessed different minds and therefore have the ability of learning, performing, comprehending, and remembering in different ways (Gardner, 1999). Gardner developed a list of intelligences that all individuals are able to know. The list argues that individuals differ in the strength of these intelligences, as well as in ways through which such intelligences are combined and invoked in solving different problems, carrying out diverse tasks and progressing in different domains. He argues that this new paradigm challenges the conventional educational system which makes an assumption that all individuals have the ability of learning the same materials in the same way and that a uniform, universal meas ure suffices while testing students’ learning (Gardner and Seana, 2006). The theory of multiple intelligences as developed by Gardner further postulates that the educational system is biased towards linguistic and logical-quantitative modes of instruction and assessment (Gardner, 1999). Based on this background, Gardner developed a set of intelligences that are more likely to be effective in learning and education in general. The first one is Visual-spatial intelligence; it involves thinking in terms of physical space. Learners who possess this intelligence are very aware of their environments and they like drawing and reading maps. Sailors and architects are example of people possessing this intelligence (Gardner and Moran, 2006). The second one is Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, which involves effective use of the body. It has been found out that individuals possessing this intelligence have immense sense of body awareness and are very comfortable with movements. Dancers a nd athletes are examples of people possessing this intelligence. The third intelligence is musical intelligence which largely relates to sensitivity to rhythm and sound. Learners who possess this intelligence are sensitive to sounds in their environment and love music. They mostly use tools such as stereo, musical instruments, multimedia and CD-ROM (Reza and Reza, 2010). In addition, Gardner identifies Linguistic intelligence that involves ability of effectively using words.

How does the western model of Internet Banking apply to Russia Dissertation

How does the western model of Internet Banking apply to Russia - Dissertation Example This chapter of the study will therefore spell out the most important aspects of tasks that the researcher put in place as part of data collection. As much as area of the research such as the literature review holds a prospect for answering most of the research questions and by extension achieve some of the research objectives, undertaking primary data collection remains a very useful way of testing secondary data used for the study (Riketta, 2008). This is because with primary data collection, the researcher is offered the opportunity of collecting first hand data that is not distorted or biased. The chapter shall open with the research philosophy that the researcher employed for the primary data collection. This is because the research philosophy will give the reader a general overview of the perspective from which the researcher conducts the remaining parts of primary data collection, whether inductively or deductively. There shall also be other aspects of the chapter such as rese arch design, qualitative design, research strategy, research scope, as well as data quality issues. By the close of the chapter therefore, the reader will have a vivid understanding of the entire approach that involved the conduct of the research. 3.1 Research Philosophy Saunders et al (2003) notes the research philosophy reflects the perception that the researcher holds about how knowledge is constructed. This is common with qualitative research of this nature because in qualitative research, the researcher seeks to explore knowledge about an ongoing situation, of which the research is being conducted (Ainin, Lim and Wee, 2005). In the current study, the ongoing situation can easily be referred to as internet banking in Russia and how this is influenced by western model of internet banking

Research Paper on the BP Gulf Oil Spill Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

On the BP Gulf Oil Spill - Research Paper Example 2.1.4 Financial Implication of the Oil Spill 14 3 Chapter 3 15 3.1 Research Methodology 15 3.1.1 Research Framework 16 3.1.2 Data Collection 16 4 Chapter 4 17 4.1 Discussion and Findings 17 5 Chapter 5 18 5.1 Conclusion 18 5.2 Recommendation 19 5.3 Limitation 19 References 21 Appendices 23 1 Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction An oil spill is the accidental release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the marine areas due to human negligence and is one of the major causes of sea water pollution. Despite the improved technologies to prevent crude oil spills in the marine environment the accidents continue to occur. The recent case of a large oil spill is the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident in the Gulf of Mexico for which several companies were responsible to varying degrees and BP was the most prominent party to the incident. The worst oil spill U.S. faced before this Gulf Oil Spill was Exxon Valdez in 1989 in Alaska (Ramseur & Ramseur, 2011, p.1). On April 20, 2010, the oil drilling rig at Deepwater Horizon of BP was near completion when the uncontained release of oil and natural gas caused explosion resulting in the largest oil spill in U.S. waters and killing 11 people and injuring 15. Nearly 200 million gallons of oil was released into the sea over approximately 84 days. However the oil leak was discove red four days after the explosion when BP sent a team of experts to cover the source of leakage. This incident has charged BP with the clean-up costs, economic and natural resources’ damage costs, Clean Water Act (CWA) penalties etc probably leading to approximately $41 billion (Ramseur & Ramseur, 2011, p.1). The initial estimate of the oil spill was 1000 barrels per day which was later revised at up to 60,000 barrels per day (Hiles, 2011, pp.13). By the first week of May BP began the drilling of deep water intercept well half a mile from the leaking oil well. The attempt was to intercept the existing wellbore at around 16000 feet below the sea surface. The process was estimated to take 90 days. The oil slick was discovered to be drifting towards the Florida and Alabama coasts. Not to burn the oil was a decision made between polluted air and endangered sea life. Various measures were taken by the US Government and BP to contain the damage. The case gained worldwide attention and criticism of the policies and measures regarding the prevention of oil spills and protection of marine ecosystem. 1.2 Nature of the Issue The demand for energy has constantly grown leading gigantic efforts and big investments by the energy companies to locate new oil supplies. The Deepwater Horizon was a $365m offshore drilling unit where massive amount of oil was spilled due to two subsequent explosions in the summer of 2010. The incident affected the ecological environment of the Mexican Gulf and has directly harmed the Gulf fishing industry. The demand of the Gulf seafood has probably decreased due to changes in consumers’ perception about the spill (Upton, 2011, p.3). Many of the factors which are believed to have contributed to the BP disaster are technological and regulatory failures. Evidence suggests that the spill was an outcome of lack of proper oversight during the transition of rig oil from exploration to production. In the wake of such disastrous and rare eve nt, federal law-makers have unsuccessfully tried to address the causes and enact policies to guide the economic and environmental recovery of the Gulf region. President Obama issued a moratorium on the planned offshore drilling at the time of the incident. The moratorium banned the deepwater drilling activities in the Gulf region allowing only the existing production to continue. Many have criticized the Federal Government for taking such step without analyzing the exact cause of incident. However this step has served neither to address the principal cause of the accident nor aided in economic rehabilitation of the Gulf economy. It has been estimated that the loss of economic activity in US and Gulf of Mexico region is likely to be total lost output of $2769m and 12046 lost jobs (Appendix 1) (Mason, 2010, p.1). In this paper an in-depth research has been done to find out how the domestic and

The use of Strategic Management Techniques

The use of Strategic Management Techniques Strategic management is concerned with formulation and implementation of strategy within an organization. Strategy in general refers to Business purpose, values or activities business is engaged in and the way it carries out its activities, compete or operates. It can be described as a systematic analysis of internal factors (organization itself) and external factors (like competitors, suppliers, customers etc.) to provide the basis of rethinking the current management practices. As a discipline, strategic management developed in 1970s, but it has evolved in response to changes in organization structure and corporate culture. With a greater empowerment, strategy has become a great concern not just for the heads or higher superiors of the company but even for employees at all level. Its one of the main objectives is to achieve greater alignment in business policies and strategies. It can be used to determine the values, goals, objectives, roles, responsibilities etc. of a business. It involves the application of corporate strategy to all aspects of organization, especially to decision making. Major Areas: The three major areas of strategic management are strategic analysis, strategic formulation and strategic implementation. Strategic Analysis: This area includes formulation of business vision, in depth study of internal and external environment (PESTEL) and analysis of firms industry (task environment). The internal analysis can help in identifying the firms strength and weakness and external analysis reveals the opportunities and threats. An industry analysis can be performed with the help of Porters Five Forces which evaluate entry barriers, suppliers, customers, substitute product and industry rivalry. Strategic Formulation: Provided the information from the environmental scan the firm should match its strength to opportunities that has been identified in context to its weakness and threats prevailing in the environment. To gain superior profitability firm tries to seek competitive advantage over its competitors. Strategy implementation: This is termed to be the final stage of strategy management where all the designed strategy is implied in actual manner in the real corporate world. It is implied by means of programs, budget and procedures. The way in which strategy is implemented can be of significant impact on whether it will be successful or not. So care must be taken while implementing and communicating strategy to others. Two approaches for Strategic Management Prescriptive Approach/Planned Strategy: Prescriptive approach views the formulation of strategic management as a systematic process of rational thinking and logical decision making. After analyzing the business environment, strategists must set well defined objectives and formulate, select and implement strategies to achieve the defined objectives. It emphasis that strategic management is a rational process analyzing where the organization is, where it wants to go and how it is going to get there. It is formal planning method and is most applicable in those organizations where conditions are stable and within complex and diversified organizations where control and coordination is from top to bottom. It has three stages and all work in a sequential manner. It includes strategy analysis, strategy development and strategy implementation. Long term monitoring and control Source: Lynch, 2009 Long term monitoring and control The above diagram shows that first of all analysis of business environment and resources are done in accordance to defined organizational objectives, then different strategies are designed and best strategy is chosen among all and is implemented. Example: Prescriptive Strategy to Build a World Airline Singapore Airlines (Richard Lynch, Fourth Edition, Page 42-43) Widely regarded as one of the worlds largest leading airlines, Singapore Airlines started as small regional airlines in 1972. After break away from Malaysian Federation in 1995 Mr. Lee Kuan Yew (Prime Minister at that time) realized that relatively small country like Malaysia needs a strong and distinctive strategy if it was to survive and grow. Following prescriptive strategies were under taken: The airline decided that it would build a reputation of superior service to its rivals. Thus, it introduced free drinks, hot towels and headsets form outset in 1972- such amenities are relatively cheap and quick to introduce. Substantial investment in staff training, employee welfare and related activities. Singapore Airlines took the view that staff were crucial both in-flight service deliver and also to aircraft safety through expertise in ground and related operations. Development of a modern airport at its main base in Singapore Changhi Airport Coupled with related strategy of ensuring for airlines. The investment in new fleet aircraft like for example airline introduced the new ultra long range Airbus A340-500 aircraft in 2004. Advantages: Clear objectives provide focus for the business. Makes it possible to organize complex activities and information, set targets against which performance can be evaluated and generally increase the degree of control that can be exercised over the operation of the business. It is often linked to Competitive Positioning approach in which analysis of the business and its environment is done to get a competitive advantage resulting in outperforming its rivals. Disadvantages: There are often discrepancies between planned and realized strategy. Rigid planning in times of dynamic and turbulent business can be unproductive. Rigid adherence to plans may mean some missed opportunities and further more it can stifle creativity as well. Does not take into consideration fallibilities of the manager, culture, politics or the experiential learning abilities of organization. Emergent Approach / Incremental Strategy: Emergent approach or incremental views that strategy must be evolved incrementally over a period of time. This view is based upon the premise that business is complex social organization operating in ever changing environment. Under such circumstances business will evolve its strategy by interacting between its stakeholders and its environment. In this the final objective is unclear and strategies are implemented on an incremental and continuous basis, it has no long term plans or process and there is unstructured in form. However, this approach does not completely ignore all the stages of strategy development. Strategy analysis is still important but strategy development and implementation is inseparable and is based on experience, trial and error adjustment. Active experimenting, learning and adjusting Active experimenting, learning and adjusting Source: Lynch, 2009 As it can been seen in the diagram shown above that emergent strategy is somewhat similar to hit and trail method. It involves trail and experimentation of different approaches, no single approach is chosen for implementation instead strategy is build over a time period. There is no clear distinction between strategy development and its implementation and strategy keeps on changing according to prevailing circumstances. Example: Emergent Strategy at Virgin Group (Richard Lynch, Fourth Edition, Page 47) Richard Branson developed a small record mail order business in 1969 and two years later opened his first record shop and subsequently developed it into the Virgin Megastore. Looking for further opportunities using Virgin brand, luckily he met with an entrepreneur wishing to develop an airlines business. This eventually led to Virgin airline business and in later years business moved into various ventures. Its business strategy is described as below: Virgin group takes the view that there are always some opportunities available for a hungry business. They look for opportunities where they can offer new and better value for money than other companies, where other companies lack complacent like trains, insurance, banks and where new internet might deliver business opportunities. So the main thrust of the strategy has been to find new market opportunities where company believes its brand name can create competitive advantage. Contrary to what people may think, there constantly expanding and adverse empire is neither reckless nor random. Each of their business demonstrates the right picking in right market and at the right time. Advantages: Increases flexibility. Reflects reality and corresponds with what actually happens in an organization and their environment. Flexibility of emergent strategy allows implementation to be integrated and modified as events unfold for the organization. Disadvantages: The downside of this approach is that no planning takes place and the organization muddles through with managers who are biased and happy to seek only satisfactory implementation rather than maximizing the objectives of the organization. It may result in lack of purpose in strategy it can make it difficult of evaluate performance, because organization has no set objectives, performance against it cannot be measured. Case Study of Easy Jet Introduction: Easy Jet was founded by Stelios Haji Ioannou, the son of Greek shipping tycoon who reputedly used to hate the internet. Richard Lynch, Fourth Edition, Fifth Edition www.businessdictionary.com/definition/strategic-management www.fieldoperative.com/Tools/Glossary/Glossary%20s.htm Business Strategy: an introduction, By David Campbell, George Stonehouse, Bill Houston Strategic Management, By Chris Jeff. Comparative Approach To Program Planning, By F. Ellen Netting, Marry Katherine OConnor, David P. Fauri. Understanding Strategic Management, By Claire Capon. Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism, By Nigel Evans, David Campbell, George Stonehouse.

Charitty Royal :: essays research papers

Charity Royall displays both self indulgence and self control. Judge Royall represented law and structure in her life. He was the one sure thing that she had. He was her only monetary means of survival and without him she would not be were she is or would not have a place to stay, food to eat, or clothes to wear. Then on the other hand there was Lucius Harney, who represented everything else in her life. Excitement, adventure, fun, and finally the ability to fulfill and longtime dream of being with a sophisticated person some one that was not from North Dormer the town that she despised so much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judge Royall was the only father figure she ever had. He made a promise to her jail bound father to give Charity a better life. He drove all night to find Charity up in the mountain; she knows that and because of that she feels some what compelled to stay with him so that he is not lonely. â€Å"Charity ‘felt softness in her heart’ in knowing that he drove all night to fetch her from the mountain (266)†. She knows that she runs his household and that he cannot be with out her because all in all she is the only person that he has.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In spite of everything†¦Lawyer Royall ruled in North Dormer; and Charity ruled in Lawyer Royall’s house. She had never put it to herself in those terms; but she had known her power, knew what it was made of and hated it. (p. 146) The same though goes for her. He is the only one that she has. When he was going to send her to boarding school he decides not to send her. After he decides not to send her away at all, Charity, who is always â€Å"sick of North Dormer† (22) is disappointed but finally understand his decision: â€Å"He and she, face to face in that sad house, had sounded the depths of isolation; and though she felt no particular affection for him, and not the slightest gratitude, she pitted him because she was conscious that he was superior to the people about him and that she was the only being between him and solitude. (P.5) This tells the reader that although he â€Å"rescued† her from the mountain that is not why she feels compelled to stay with him. She knows that because she is there physically (she really is not there emotionally) he does not fell alone in the world.

A Worn Path: Dementia Essay

Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases. It affects memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior. This disease usually affects the old generation. As the human body ages, some aspects of life may not be as easy as they were before. In this paper, I will talk about the causes, symptoms, medications, diagnosis, complications, and preventions of Dementia. The causes of Dementia can be heightened. Most types of dementia are nonreversible. Nonreversible means the changes in the brain that are causing the dementia cannot be stopped or turned back. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. Lewy body disease is a leading cause of dementia in elderly adults. People with this condition have abnormal protein structures in certain areas of the brain. Dementia also can be due to many small strokes. This is called vascular dementia. Some other medical conditions that can lead to Dementia are Huntingson’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Some causes of dementia may be stopped or reversed if they are found soon enough. Some more causes are brain injury, brain tumor, chronic alcohol abuse, changes in sodium and calcium levels. Dementia usually occurs in older age. It is rare in people under age 60. The risk for dementia increases as a person gets older. Dementia symptoms include difficulty with many areas of mental function. Some symptoms are language, memory, perception, emotional behavior or personality, and cognitive skills such as such as critical thinking, calculation, and judgment. Dementia usually first appears as forgetfulness. Mild cognitive impairment is the stage between normal forgetfulness due to aging and the development of dementia. People with MCI have mild problems with thinking and memory that do not interfere with everyday activities. They are often aware of the forgetfulness. Not everyone with MCI develops dementia. Some symptoms of MCI are: Difficulty performing more than one task at a time, difficulty solving problems or making decisions, forgetting recent events or conversations, taking longer to perform more difficult mental activities. The early symptoms of dementia can include: Difficulty performing tasks that take some thought, but that used to come easily, such as balancing a checkbook, playing games, and learning new information or routines. Getting lost on familiar routes can also be an early sign of Dementia. Language problems, such as trouble finding the name of familiar objects, losing interest in things you previously enjoyed, flat mood, misplacing items, and personality changes and loss of social skills, which can lead to inappropriate behaviors.

The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer Essays

The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer Essays The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer Essay The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer Essay Essay Topic: Literature The kitchen, a realist text is written by Arnold Wesker, a naturalistic writer. These terms have been used for many years now in conjunction with theatre. Their meanings have changed and very easily overlap with each other, just as the above quotes suggest; because of this the task of performing in the form of realism as opposed to naturalism is impossible. This suggests that in performance there is a real possibility of creating the desired effect without having to justify whether it is naturalistic or indeed realistic. Performing a section of the kitchen requires at least a basic understanding of these terms. Arnold Wesker gives a lengthy explanation of what he wants to see on stage, he goes to great detail to explain his restaurant and the people in it: The quality of food here is not so important as the speed with which it is served (Wesker 1960). Wesker continues to give character notes on each of his main 15 characters that are also accompanied by specific actions for many of them. Now directors, especially in the ever more contemporary theatre world we live in, will be tempted to ignore or change these notes to create their own aesthetic on stage. For me this would be criminal. When experimenting with the actions each character is given, by means of mime, possible cooking methods are extremely difficult to generate especially differentiating between actions. Extra research is needed to look at exactly how each dish is made in a real kitchen. Once we as performers have our own certain routines set out it is clear we need the correct amount of space to operate correctly. At this point we were fitted into positions within a given set. Already there is a performance in itself without even speaking a word of Weskers text, there were 6 people on stage miming actions with 3 others (the waitresses) coming in and out and occasionally tangling with these procedures. What are being produced are individual movements that form a type of group dance, the collaboration of the individuals fit together perfectly. Now does this portray a real life kitchen or is this just a version Weskers imaginary kitchen? Take a still position in a restaurants kitchen anywhere in Great Britain or of Europe, take away the sound of voice or music, take away even the food, what you are left with is of course a wonderful sequence of movements. In each kitchen there is a negotiating of space where usually several cooks and chefs work in restricted areas. Wesker in his directions creates the bones of a kitchen, from then on it is just building on that. John Dexter directed this for the Royal Court Theatre 1961 like a superb juggler, he keeps a huge cast weaving, reacting, colliding, in a faultless choreography. (Bernard Levin 1961). This is what we wanted to aspire to. The character notes become important in the next stage of our process. We down sized the cast and set because we did not have enough performers. Down staging the set as well was simply to attempt to keep with the atmosphere of a space challenged kitchen. We each had a main character to reference to. Ones who had particular accents were perfor med with an accent nearest to it. I played Peter boisterous, aggressive, too merry, and yet good-natured, I tried to perform exactly these qualities. Now this was obviously to become part of the routine of the cooking that was already fixed in my mind. This where a problem lies, a performer must show a character whilst still performing in this dance like sequence. Thankfully Peters character holds what I took as a get out clause by this I mean Peters forced laugh, pronounced Hya hya hya. (Wesker, A. 1961) This outrageous character trait allowed me to cover up any slip of technique in either showing the character or miming the cooking. It was so idiosyncratic that it would become normal to the kitchen and the spectators also. Peter sings a song also that is said to have a maniacal tone which is part of the whole kitchen atmosphere. Maniacal is something that is a clear desire for Wesker in this play. The popular representation of chefs and cooks even now is that they are all slightly insane and putting them in a kitchen excites this factor. Wesker even makes testimony to this within the text of the kitchen when Dimitri comments: Listen, you put a man in the plate room all day what else there is for him to do he wants to fight. As a performer this theme is certainly achievable just by use of voice. Varying a regular pace and volume level is just two ways in which to change the way lines are said to sound more crazy. However this we found was no where near enough to produce an atmosphere that was right for this performance. We looked at everything the pace of the movements, the sounds that are created through mime. We even added to mime real cooking utensils; this gave another variable that could be affected. The final performance consisted of these utensils that acted as an instrument that could be manipulated to yield a more rampant effect. The bashing of a saucepan with a wooden spoon holds a certain quality that can be used to build a beat. We had already decided to use a tape recording of an oven fumigator to set a permanent noise that would indeed be heard in a real kitchen. Dexter used similar techniques in his direction of the play. So now we have a background buzz that is a constant burden to performers and audience alike, we have an instrumental effect with the use of empty utensils and we have also got a movement sequence that involves the whole cast working as one. An explanation of a realist text would seemingly be nothing like the previous sentence but as the process of rehearsing The Kitchen it is clear that this is a quite intelligible way to go about it. Despite all the rehearsal techniques indicating a contemporary dance to unorthodox instruments, a bit like a performance of Stomp, the aesthetic on stage was clearly natural to us. We felt the general look was of a kitchen in full flow. We had the power to change the intensity and lunacy of the action and could therefore play with it to fit in line with the text. The only free space in his kitchen is at the very front of the stage this is where they come if they want to talk. Anyone speaking to them from the back of the kitchen has to shout Bamber Gascoigne talks here about another production of The Kitchen but is very relevant to our own production. There is a clear one-conversation-at-a-time problem that has to be addressed when introducing the text to the movement. The oven sounds drow ned out mumbling or whisper as in a real kitchen, so we did this and it looked normal. This is not a usual concept in theatre and yet was very effective in this production. The only clear speech an audience should here is the written text and that is achievable by using the space front stage as a conversation area just as Gascoigne points out but also to incorporate more of the shouted conversation. The kitchen area of a restaurant is full of shouting and cursing, orders are lost and this causes stress. As a group this is the most exciting point we investigated in performance. Wesker says The whole tempo of work is speeded up suddenly this is what we chose to look at. We began with the mild argument between Peter and his illegitimate girlfriend Monique at the end of part one and continued through the rush of orders. Of course Monique and Peter began front stage so they could be heard and seen clearly, this is an important part of the weak storyline that The Kitchen has. Most of what we see in terms of a story is where Monique and Peter are flirting or arguing. The rest of the plot seems to consist of work related talk. Whilst the exchange goes on we were keen to make sure the rest of the kitchen continued work as normal. The cooks continued their sequence and the isolated conversation was highlighted purely because it was away from the general flow of energy. As they rejoin the rest of the kitchen the energy increases very quickly, the change is instigated by our three waitresses. They are on their toes and shouting out orders which of course the cooks have to respond to vocally and physically. There were high intensity moments, for instance: Violet: Ive never worked like this before, never never. Peter: Too old, too old my sweetheart. Go home old woman for the young this work go home. At this point we used our performance time to show a rehearsal technique, and carried on performing but as improvisation reacting to waitress orders. The more orders the faster and more frantic it got. The Kitchen is a text that is as much a compositional piece as an accurate representation of a fully operational kitchen and we tried to show this. The characters and their personal description given by Wesker is important but not nearly as much as his comments and detailing of atmosphere and general running of the Trivoli restaurant. Obviously what our group created was working progress and to improve it would be to add more detail and choreography to everything including set and character exchanges. Our task was to create a realist performance, A play should be written in which people arrive, go away, have dinner, talk about the weather, play cards. Life must be exactly as it is and people as they are. (Chekhov, A. ). The problems we occurred are summed up with Weskers comment: the artist is dealing with what is absurd in reality in a naturalistic form (Wesker, A. 1965)

The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Essay Example

The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Essay Example The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Paper The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Paper Carabao Manure THE EFFICIENCY OF CARABAO MANURE WITH EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus cinerea) AND LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citrates) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO REPELLANT Background of the Study Dengue victims are abundantly spreading in our society and they are caused by the known Aedes aegypti. These mosquitoes are merely found in places where there are abandoned tires and containers filled with stagnant water, Mosquitoes are also known as the most dangerous killers in the world where they can victimize an approximate of 2 to 3 million people in a year. Mostly found on leading stores are expensive commercial chemical mosquito repellants. Carabao manure definition These mosquito repellants may contain toxic chemicals that can cause respiratory diseases to us, human beings. In connection with this, we must also consider that not all of us can afford to purchase these said mosquito repellants. These commercialized mosquito repellants contain toxins like DEET ( N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide ) that are widely used by most residents in our community. Objectives of the Study This study is designed to produce an alternative mosquito repellant out of carabo manure with extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus leaves combined together. Carabao manure components Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions a. What are the chemical components of carabao manure combined with lemon grass and eucalyptus extract that would repel the mosquitoes? b. Is the carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract effective compared to the chemical commercial mosquito repellant? c. What are the effects of chemical components from carabao manure combined with lemongrass to the environment and to human beings? d. Is the natural alternative mosquito repellant safe to human beings and to the environment? Assumptions and Hypotheses: 1. The carabao manure combined with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant is efficient. 2. The materials used to make an alternative natural mosquito repellant are adequate. 3. The natural mosquito repellants is as effective as the commercial chemical repellants. Hypotheses: 1. There is a significant difference between the commercial chemical mosquito repellent and the natural mosquito repellent. 2. There is relative effectiveness of the natural mosquito repellant and the commercial chemical mosquito repellant. Definition of Terms: DEET- N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide; slightly yellow oil; most common active ingredient in insect repellants. Eucalyptus- a diverse genus of flowing trees in the myrtle family, Mytaceae; members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia. Dengue Fever- it is also known as break bone fever, an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the dengue virus; dengue is usually transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Carabao Manure- a good organic fertilizer; contains 18. 5% nitrogen, 43. 7% phosphoric acid and 9. potash; a good source of fuel either as dried dung, or in generating biogas or methane. Lemongrass- traditionally used by Indians as a medicine; has numerous uses and properties in aromatherapy. Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant. The aspects looked into were the components of carabao manure with extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus that would repel the mosquitoes and the nature of mosquitoes. Related studies about carabao manure Population or Universe: Locale of the study:MMSU-LHS-SC Period of the study:S. Y. 2010-2011 Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti http://chemistry. about. com/bio/Anne-Marie-Helmenstine-Ph-D-7815. htm Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, Published by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines, 1978 Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street,Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 139 Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street,Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 83 Related Literature and Studies It has been found out that Dengue fever is also known as breakbone fever, an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the dengue virus; dengue is usually transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Footnotes: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti It has been found out that carabao manure is a good organic fertilizer; contains 18. 5% nitrogen, 43. 7% phosphoric acid, and 9. 6 potash; a good ource of fuel either as dried dung, or in generating biogas or methane. Footnotes: http://chemistry. about. com/bio/Anne-Marie-Helmenstine-Ph-D-7815. htm It has been found out that lemongrass is traditionally used by Indians as a medicine; has numerous uses and properties in aromatherapy. Footnotes: Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, Published by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Que zon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines, 1978 It has been found out that observation is the most direct way and the most widely used in studying behavior. Footnotes: Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 139 It has been found out that DEET ( N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide ) is the most common active ingredient in insect repellants. Footnotes: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowin trees in the myrtle family, Mytaceael members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia. Footnotes: Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, Published by: JMC PRESS, INC. 88 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines, 1978 According to Manuel and Medel, the basic purpose of experimental research is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condition, group or situation, purpose in which is to discover â€Å"What will be. † Footnotes: Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 83 Method of Collecting Data: The method of collecting data used was the observation. This is concerned in gathering information for a research, may be defined as perceiving data through the senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Observation is used to be able to gather directly, first-hand information about the subject of study. Methodology: Materials Used: The materials used in the study were: 1. Lemongrass leaves 2. Eucalyptus leaves 3. Carabao manure 4. Mortar and pestle 5. Containers 6. Strainers Procedure To produce the extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus, first washed the fresh lemongrass and eucalyptus leaves thoroughly and used the mortar and pestle to crush the leaves into fine particles. Second, squeezed the crushed leaves to get the extract. Next, the extract is strained using a strainer. Fourth, combine the extract with the carabao manure. Next, mold the carabao manure with extract in any shape you want as long as it can serve as an alternative mosquito coil. Lastly, let the carabao manure with extract be dried. Method of Research: The experimental method of research was used in this study. Experimental research is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor or condition, called the experimental or independent ariable, are applied upon another factor of condition, called the dependent variable, to determine the effect of the farmer upon the latter, all other factors of variables being kept constant or equal so that any change in the dependent variable is attributable only to the experimental or independent variable. The basic purpose of experimental research is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condit ion, group, or situation, purpose of which is to discover â€Å"what will be. Since the study is concerned with the efficiency of carabao manure with extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus leaves as an alternative mosquito repellant, the experimental method of research was the most appropriate method to use because it seeks to discover what will be the result and how effective it is. Conceptual Framework Output Natural Alternative Mosquito Repellant Process Extraction of Leaves Mixing Lemongrass extract and Eucalyptus extract with Carabao Manure Drying of Carabao Manure Inputs Lemongrass Leaves Eucalyptus Leaves Carabao Manure

Advanced Project and Risk Management Assignment

Advanced Project and Risk Management - Assignment Example In this context, the discussion will provide a comprehensive assessment of the detailed care records, N3 infrastructure, electronic prescription service, picture archiving process and the NHS mail, along with booking services of the organisation. In order to critically explain the major functional areas of the IT program in the NHS, the discussion section covers relevant theoretical ideas and concepts associated with the subject area. Additionally, the section of the assignment also tends to explore different aspects relating to the efficiency of the newly developed IT program in the NHS and provides relevant recommendations for streamlining project management functions of the organisation (Association for Project Management, 2014; The Stationery Office, 2012; ). The case primarily deals with the growth and inception of National Programme for IT in the NHS. The case highlights the growth of the program since its inception in the NHS in the year 2006. It has been comprehended that the program was initiated with the intention to ensure positive reform within the NHS in the form of improvement in performance, improvement in the delivering services to the people and others. The program involved extensive use of IT with the intention to enhance the operational efficacy of the sector to a certain extent. The program is being managed at the national level by the Department of Health of the state (National Audit Office, 2008). According to an in-depth understanding of the National IT programme in the NHS, it has been identified that the project includes a wider scope in terms of increasing operational efficiency of different the NHS healthcare services and activities. According to the observation of the project activities, the IT programme is designed with the aim of reforming the way of using information by the NHS in England (Schwalbe, 2013). The primary aim of the IT programme is to ensure that the service records of the NHS

Lean implementation and supply chain development at Oak Hills Case Study

Lean implementation and supply chain development at Oak Hills - Case Study Example The mergers and acquisitions which characterize the company have an implication on the supply chain and thus it is necessary that the company implements strategies which will not impact negatively on the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply chain. The competition in the market is growing as illustrated by the rise of competitors such as Triangle Corps. The competition is stiff within the market because the two companies deal in the same products and services. The essence of effective supply chain development within Oak Hills is attributed to the fact that the company is in the process of being acquired even though the acquisition process has not been successfully completed. The revenues of the company are expected to rise as the combination of companies is to offer an array of upstream services. Oak Hills is in dire need of improving its supply chain processes in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. The special testing instrument as the main product of the Oaks Hill manufacturing facility requires applying a lean system in ensuring that all of the operations within the supply chain are coordinated. With the headquarters of Oaks Hill being in Houston, it needs to coordinate the activities of all of its branches so that they are integrated into a common business unit. As a result, the special project of the facility in testing oil and gas exploration can achieve its goals and objectives. The most important stakeholder of any supply chain is the customer (Hilletofth and David 264). This means that customers must be given priority consideration in the processing of the activities of a supply chain. Both the external and internal customers of the facility must be given due consideration in the supply of the products so that their needs are met. The effectiveness of a supply chain can only be achieved through the

Who wants to be a Millionaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Who wants to be a Millionaire - Essay Example It is better to have something than have nothing at all. There is a high possibility that an average person might never have a chance, for instance, to win millions of shillings. To think that the same individual will throw away such a golden chance on uncertain possibility is wishful thinking. No rational human being would take such a risk; but then is life not full of surprises, after all no person knows what is in store for the future. There is a probable possibility that the average individual could also hit the jackpot, and go home very rich if he or she took a little time to take a risk. They say the best things come to those who take risks, and why not take that risk; it might be the real deal breaker after all (Dwijen 22). Other factors may influence an individual’s decision making when it comes to making choices in a lottery game. These are the social-economic factors and demographic factors. Social-economic factors are the economic and social experiences and realities that assist in molding ones attitudes, personality and lifestyle. Examples include education, level of wealth, social awareness and profession (John 34). Demographic factors include the age of an individual, marital status and sex. A person’s level of wealth may influence an individual to take a risk or play safe. If a person is rich, he or she will probably take the risk because he or she will have no setbacks if he or she loses, since he or she has lots of other wealth. On the other hand, individuals with fewer riches will go for the safe deal because that money may be all they possess. An educative individual will go for safe lottery, since it is more rational to do so. Male individuals will take risks while female ind ividuals will play safe; this is because men are risk takers and women not much risk takers. Lastly, the premium attached to guessing is sometime worthy and

The Italian Americans Essay Example for Free

The Italian Americans Essay The dream of America has always been a powerful beacon of hope for people of other countries searching for a better life. The Irish came in droves to escape starvation, the Jewish came to seek safety, the Russians looking for improved living conditions. Regardless of the reasons, millions have sacrificed everything at the chance for something better. It is the same for the Italians. The real immigration of Italians didn’t start until the early 1900’s when the number of immigrants mushroomed from 70,000. â€Å"This figure changed to close to four million who arrived between 1880 and 1914. † (Davison, 1998) The reasons for immigration are varied and include overpopulation, a scarcity of jobs and the hope for better economic opportunity. Italy at that time was fairly agricultural with most of the land being owned by a small group of wealthy families. Many of the immigrants that came to America during this period continued their tradition for growing and cultivating things and many sold the small crops they grew in their little gardens. And many Italians came temporarily, working and sending money back to family in Italy. Regardless of the reasons, the Italians had one strong trait in common, they came to work. Although they were a predominantly agri society, many found work here using the various skills and trades that they brought with them from Italy. Oftentimes, however, they changed what they did to fit into the new life they were creating. As they landed in port towns they spent their time recreating the country from which they came and generally segregated themselves in this way. The concept of paesani, or little villages, was kept in tact by blocks of Neapolitans sticking together, and blocks of Calebrese living together. This tradition of paesani helped with the cultural assimilation that many Italians found difficult. During the rush of immigration the greatest number of Italian immigrants focused on America and Brazil. However, because the English language, family values and traditions, and religion were very much different from their own, â€Å".. The Italians in New York confronted significantly greater cultural differences. † (Italain American Civil Rights, 2007) These cultural differences reared their heads in a variety of different forms. Religious persecution was one of them. When the immigrants arrived they found that the predominant religion was white Protestantism as opposed to the Catholicism they came from. However, things became even more difficult when the Irish, who also practiced Catholicism, found the Italian from of practicing their same religion unsatisfactory. They began to be â€Å"†¦ attacked for being prejudiced against blacks and for being super patriotic hard hats with little sophistication or with connections to the Mafia. † (Bailey, 1999) Tensions rose quickly as the once disparaged Irish were now replaced by newly immigrated Italians. A common thread of prejudice began to grow and immigrants that were not of an Anglo-Saxon decent were looked at as less than human. There are many factors that aided this prejudice. One of the most important was the issue of racism. In the summer of 1989 a sixteen year old African American was shot and killed during an argument by a group of youth in an Italian neighborhood. Although the community was aghast and all applauded the severe punishment of the boys, the Italians were labeled â€Å"racists†. This is both interesting and strange because at the same time in the south the Italians were a threat to white solidarity as they were more apt to side with black rights. This so enraged the southern whites that it was not uncommon for Italians to be hung for their beliefs. It was obvious then that American had found a new scape goat. † Since then, the stereotype of the Italian American-as-bigot has become accepted by the general public, thanks in large part to the U. S. entertainment industry, which routinely portrays its fictional Mafia characters as racists. † (Faegin, 1978) In addition to trouble with racism, and false stereo-typing, Italians found problems with class walls. They were portrayed by the media as illiterate and diseased, and the general public accepted this view. It was not helpful that Italians seemed to like to stay close to the city centers, often as home owners, and they blame for crime and other offenses also began to be laid at their feet. However, it was shown that, this mafia based criminality blame was also unfounded. â€Å"Italian Americans had relatively low crime rates, close to those for all native-born Americans. † (Faegin) However, regardless of the facts, these myths provided difficulties for Italians to overcome in all facets of society. Nevertheless, overcoming them is exactly what they did. Italian Americans today continue to play an active and vital part in American society. They continue to hold strong family and cultural ties, and to work within the fabric of America to make it a better place. Bibliography Bailey, S. (1999). Immigrants in the Land of Promise. Ithaca: Cornell University. Davison, B. (1998, May 2). Italains Immigrating to Maryland. Retrieved March 17, 2007, from www. oriole. umd. edu Faegin, J. (1978). Racial and Ethnic Relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Italain American Civil Rights. (2007). Retrieved March 18, 2007, from Order of the Sons of Italy: www. osia. org

Example Essay on Organization Management in Construction Industry

Example Essay on Organization Management in Construction Industry INTRODUCTION The aim and objective of this essay is to emphasize the basic understanding of people and organization management principles as it relates to construction industries of the 21st century. People and organization management is a fundamental factor in achieving a realistic and efficient use of resources, especially human resources. A heavy responsibility is placed on managers and the activities of management on the processes, systems and styles of management Laurie J Mullins (1996)13 Construction companies are faced with difficulties of how to organize and manage resources due to complexity of project and as such have a greater effect on the projects in terms of time, cost and quality. Every company has its own ideas about how to organize itself and its work, an effective organization will ensure that clear line of authority exist, and that every member of the project knows what he or she must do to make the project a success Dennis Lock (1996)11. Management is a description of a variety of activities carried out by those members of organizations whose role is that of a manager ie someone who has a formal responsibility for the work of one or more persons in the organization or who is accountable for specialist advisory duties in support of key management activities. This essay will address people and organization management principles by considering various definitions of management, main approaches to organization, structure and management theories and also relationship between an individual and the organization and advantages of management theories to 21st century construction industries. However, if action is to be effective, the theory must be adequate and appropriate to the task and to improved organization performance. It must be a good theory Laurie J Mullins (1996)39 DEFINITION OF MANAGEMENT Management can be define as the process of planning, organizing, controlling efforts of organization members and using all organization resources to achieve stated organization goals. According to G.A Cole (2004)7 , management is a collection of activities involving planning, organizing, motivating and controlling. Other writers also indicate their view about the definition of management as shown below: To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordiate and to control H.Fayol (1916)1 Management is a social processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the process consists of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.planning, control, coordination and motivation E.F.L Brech (1957)2 Managing is an operational process initially best dissected by analyzing the managerial functionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The five essential managerial functions are : planning, organizing, staffing, directing and leading, and controlling Knoontz and O Donnell (1984)3 Five area of management constitute the essence of proactive performance in our chaotic words: (1) an obsession with responsiveness to customers, (2) constant innovation in all area of the firm, (3) partnership the wholesale participation of and gain sharing with all people connected with the organization, (4) leadership that loves change ( instead of fighting it) and instills and shares an inspiring vision, and (5) control by means of simple support systems aimed at measuring the right stuff for todays environment T. Peters(1988)4 Basically, in a broad understanding considering all the above options, management is process that enables organization to set and achieve their objective by planning, organizing and controlling their resources, including gaining the commitment of their employees (motivation). ORGANIZATION According to H. Kerzner (2006)89, organization can be define as group of people who must coordinate their activities in other to meet organization objectives. Organization can also be defined according to the following school of thought: Organizations are intricate human strategies designed to achieve certain objectives Argyris(1960)8 Since organizations are systems of behaviour designed to enable humans and their machines to accomplish goals, organizational form must be a joint function of human characteristics and the nature of the task environment. Simon(1976)9 Organizations are systems of inter-dependent human beings. Pugh(1990)10 Organization are set up to achieve purposes that individuals cannot achieve on their own. Organizations then provide a means of working with others to achieve goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Likely to be determined by whoever is in the best position to influence themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦A key characteristic of organization is their complexity. Stewart(1994)11 PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT In Construction company setup, managers are expected to have adequate knowledge and skill to manage people and their characteristic behaviours, works to be done and technology involved and all external environmental factors as it affects construction industry. The effects of the operation of the organization within its environment are reflected in terms of the management of opportunities and risk and the successful achievement of its aims and objectives. Laurie J Mullins (1996)6 People and organization management can therefore be treated using understanding of management theories, approaches in terms of classical, human relation and systems perspectives, all of which will be critically examined in the course of this essay. The Construction industries depend heavily on its workforce, they sometimes face several challenges if its recruitment to deliver expected project at estimated cost, expected or planned time and quality. The industry can improve its performance by attracting the right people(organization to look strongly at recruitment pool and think on how people can do different job in different way), keeping the right people (acknowledging a change their culture) and satisfying customer (develop focused strategy). PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES, APPROACHES There Are between six to eleven management theories and school of thought but for the purpose of this essay we will adopt the approach as explained by Laurie J Mullins (1996)39, that is analysis revolving around a framework based on four main approaches of: Classical, Human resources, Systems and Contigencies. The figure 1.0 below indicate simply the main approaches to organization, structure and management: Classical Human Relations Systems Contingency Emphasis on purpose, Attention to social The integration of the No one best design of formal structure, factors at work, classical and human organizations. Form of heirarchy of management, group, leadership, relations approaches. structure, management, technical requirements, the informal Importance of the and success of the and common principles organization, and socio- technical system. organization dependent of organisation behaviour of people The organization within upon a range of its external environment. situation variables. Fig 1.0 the main approaches to organization, structure and management. Laurie J Mullins (1996)39 The Classical Theories Classical theories focuses on improving the organization structure as a means of increasing efficiency, it emphasizes on the importance of the principles for the design of a logical structure of organization. The classical approach to management was primarily concerned with the structure and activities of formal, or official, organization. Issues such as the division of works, the establishment of a hierarchy of authority, and the span of control were seen to be of the utmost importance in the achievement of an effective organization G.A Cole(2004)4 Managers role in classical theory is that of planner and trainer.They are responsible to know what is expected of individual and develop a structure that works for the organization to achieve the main goal. The Human RelationTheories The fundamental idea behind the human relation approach to management is motivation based on a hierarchy of human needs, ranging from basic physiological needs(food, sleep) to higher psychological needs, such as self- fulfillment. This serves as a means of achieving organizational effectiveness. The human relations approach recognized the importance of the informal organization which will always be present within the formal structure. This informal organization will influence the motivation of employees who will view the organization for which they work through the values and attitudes of their colleagues. Their view of the organization determines their approach to work and the extent of their motivation to work well or otherwise. . Laurie J Mullins (1996)53 Construction managers are expected to have mind of motivating workers, understand the method, basic needs of the employees so that he can have maximum use of their support to enhance production. The System Theories According to Laurie J Mullins (1996)55 , the system approach attempts to reconcile the two earlier approaches and the work of the formal and the informal writers. Attention is focused on the total work organization and the interrelationships of the structure and behaviour, and the range of variables within the organization. This approach can be contrasted with a view of the organization as separate parts. The system approach encourages managers to view the organization both as a whole and as part of a larger environment. The idea is that any part of an organizations activities affects all other parts. The system approach is a complex social systems, responsive to a number of interdependent and important variables. The major variables in adopting system approach to organizations are; people (as individual and in group), technology (in terms of the technical requirements of work, organization structures and environment (the external conditions affecting the organization). Construction managers should therefore focus on interrelationships, both with subsystems and between the system and the external environment. He should be able to explain the trend and articulate the vision of the organization. The Contigency Theories The contingency approach can be seen as an extension of the system approach, it highlights possible means of differentiating among alternative forms of organization structures and systems of the management. The contingency approach implies that organization theory should not seek to suggest one best way to structure or manage organizations but should provide insights into the situational and contextual factors which influences management decisions. Laurie J Mullins (1996)57 Also according to G.A Cole(2004)82, a contingency approach build on the diagnostic qualities of the systems approach in order to determine the most appropriate organizational design and management style for a given set of circumstances. Essentially the contingency approach suggests that issue of design and the style depend on choosing what is the best combination, in the light of prevailing conditions of the following variables; the external environment, technological factors and human skill and motivation. BENEFIT OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES TO 21ST CENTURY CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Critical appraisal and thorough understanding of people and organizational management theoretical concepts will enable the construction managers to be fully aware and knowledgeable about different organizational management approaches in dealing with different situations and to adopt those approaches that best suit the particular requirement of the job. A problem relating to structure, the ideas of the classical writers or contingency theory may be adopted. When there is problem relating to personnel management, ideas from the human relations theorists might be valuable. If the problem is environmental, the systems approach might prove most useful. Generally, the knowledge and understanding of management theory will help the construction manager in tackling the complexities of people and organizational management of the 21st century. However, no single approach to organization and management that can provide all the answers but the comparative study of different theoretical approaches will yield benefits and strategically position the manager in facing the people and organizational management challenges of the industry. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INDIVIDUAL AND THE ORGANISATION Since any organization is comprised of individuals, individuals then become the unit of analysis in organizations principles and theories. Individuals behave in different ways according to their background, knowledge, education and psychosocial factors. The knowledge and understanding of the individual behaviors, the behavioral patterns and personal development is therefore crucial to the construction manager amidst the complexities of construction organizations. Construction managers need to be aware of factors that govern individual behavior, recognize individual potential and harness it to achieve the organizational goals and to understand how the individual behaviors affects the general organizations culture. Part 2 PERSONAL REFLECTION OF MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES I have discovered through reading series of management textbooks and journals, past work experience and academic teachings that the practice and application of management skills and competencies is the panacea to management and organizational problems facing the construction industry given the complexities and the dynamic environment. Due to my technical training and work experience in a construction company, I have developed some of these management skills and competencies. Some were acquired by management training, some inculcated through organizational culture and some merely by intuition. Some of this competencies are, teamwork, leadership skill, organizational ability, interpersonal skills, decision making, managing change, drive for achievement, creative problem solving and analysis, negotiating skills, managing conflicts and listening skills. However, there are management skills and values that I still need to acquire or develop further during the course of my studies as a project manager. These include organizational ability, strategic planning, self management and prioritizing, information collection and analysis, good communication skills and resource management. Before now, I have always taken organizational values, adequate planning and self management, and prioritizing for granted due to management ignorance, but having learnt and discovered that they are very important for a successful project manager, I have begun to imbibe the values of effective planning, organizing and prioritizing my academic works, personal activities as scheduled and always seek a way of developing them further and further. During my studies, I have discovered that all these skills and values are very important for any construction manager to be able to adequately plan, organize, motivate workers, make good and timely decisions, manages constant changes, manage limited resources, conflicts e.t.c., and communicate effectively within and outside the organization in order to meet the enormous challenges of the complex construction industry. Also based on my background, all the management theories has been experienced as day to day references in attending to issues, improving output, getting result out of human resources and achieving company goal at a profitable margin and make the shareholders happy. CONCLUSION It is very important for a construction manager to develop good management skills and organizational competencies in order to effectively and efficiently meet the challenges of complex 21st century construction industry within the dynamic environment. Implementation and understanding of all management theories is very important for construction manager to be able to deliver project at estimated time, within the budgeted cost and specified quality.